10 FES can be supervised by a therapist, 11 unsupervised, 12 or supervised remotely. It can be delivered in an open-loop (pre-programmed) fashion, 9 or in a closed-loop fashion. grasping, reaching, standing, and walking). 8įunctional electrical stimulation (FES) is the use of NMES to execute a functional movement (e.g. chronic respiratory disease, chronic heart failure, thoracic cancer), 5 critically ill patients confined to bed, 6, 7 and neurorehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) or stroke. ![]() 2 NMES has been shown beneficial for knee ligament surgery, 3 prevention and management of venous diseases, 4 muscle weakness with advanced progressive disease (e.g. 1 NMES produces artificial contractions of muscles by applying sequences of short and low-energy pulses to the peripheral nerves. ![]() Neuro-muscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been used in rehabilitation for more than 50 years.
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